Kane Brown Lawsuit Could Have Deeper Implications
Kane Brown is being sued, which probably shouldn’t surprise anyone. And the lawsuit is by a former producer and label owner who says he helped establish Kane Brown’s career and cultivate his rapid ascent into superstardom without receiving fair compensation, which shouldn’t surprise anyone either. In the music and entertainment realm, these types of lawsuits are fairly common. Once a star hits it big, people often come out of the woodwork to claim all sorts of ownership in their success, legitimate or otherwise. But this particular situation is different, and for a few important reasons. And more importantly, the implications of the lawsuit could be quite significant.
Jamal Fincher Jones, known professionally as Polow da Don, is an American record producer, rapper, and owner of the Zone 4 record label out of Atlanta. Unlike a lot of these instances where former band members, side players, or associate producers want to see if they can litigate their way to an easy payday at the pain of a newly-minted superstar, Polow da Don is quite successful in music already, and is wealthy in his own right. He’s produced massive hits for performers such as Nicki Minaj, Usher, Lil Wayne, and others.
Polow da Don’s lawyer Richard Busch explains, “As we note in the Complaint, Mr. Jones has worked with some of the biggest names in the record industry, and has worked on many of their biggest hits, so this is not something he wanted to have to do. He therefore attempted to resolve this repeatedly short of litigation, but was left with no choice but to file this lawsuit to protect his rights.”
Polow da Don claims that he discovered Kane Brown in 2015 and offered to record and produce new music for him. Brown wasn’t a complete unknown at that point. He had been a contestant on The X Factor back in 2013, and self released an EP in 2014 called Closer produced by Brantley Gilbert’s guitarist, Noah Henson. But Kane had no serious music career or representation to speak of until Polow da Don took Kane Brown under his wing, and put the song “Used To Love You Sober” out through Zone 4.
“Used To Love You Sober” was Kane Brown’s moment. It’s what took him from a relative unknown to a superstar, starting with simple a teaser video for the song that received an improbable one million views in under three hours, and 11 million views total just two weeks later. This isn’t just where Kane Brown’s career took off, it’s also where the questions started flying about just how Brown was able to rack up such incredible numbers. The success of “Used To Love You Sober” sent Kane Brown onto the mainstream country charts while remaining completely unsigned, and sales of his Closer EP skyrocketed.
Around this time is when Kane Brown’s first manager, Jay Frank, came into the picture. Jay Frank owns DigSin, which is a digital marketing and data strategy company that analyzes data in the marketplace and then uses it to craft strategies of how to help launch artists and bands. At the time, Jay Frank was also the vice president of Global Streaming Marketing at Universal Music Group, and had access to another service called Digster owned by Universal that helps curate streaming playlists. Preferential placement on streaming playlists through Jay Frank’s connections is at least partially to blame for how Kane Brown inexplicably rose in popularity, as Saving Country Music investigated in great detail in Kane Brown: Market Manipulations and the Manufacturing for an Organic Star.
Kane Brown’s current manager, Martha Earls, worked for Jay Frank and DigSin, and transitioned to Brown’s full-time manager as his ascent continued and he was signed to Sony Music Nashville. Kane Brown has also been implicated in the music market manipulations of the massive Red Music playlists on YouTube operated by a shadowy European company. These YouTube playlists act like huge metadata streaming funnels for tracks and artists, and are also thought to be behind the overwhelming and inexplicable success of the Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line collaboration, “Meant To Be.”
What does all of this have to do with a lawsuit against Kane Brown by a former producer? During the discovery process of the lawsuit or any eventual trial, information about just how Kane Brown came to prominence could be illuminated. The books will be opened so to speak, if the plaintiff is rewarded his request for a full accounting of Kane Brown’s career, and specifics of how Kane and his management made him into a superstar could become a matter of public record.
We are living through the asterisk era of music data, when the question isn’t if behind-the-scenes money shifting and influence peddling is resulting in top placement on powerful playlists that result in the launching of massive superstars and monster singles, but how much of a factor it’s playing in the performance of certain songs and artists. Companies who push songs to playlists could be considered similar to BALCO during baseball’s steroid period. Kane Brown has been considered the A1 specimen for questionable music data by individuals throughout the country music industry and beyond, and this is rumored to be one of the reasons he was snubbed recently by the CMA Awards. Kane Brown didn’t do himself any favors back in 2015 when he confronted the concerns by saying, “A lot of the people in Nashville think the numbers are fake, but they can’t prove it.” This lawsuit just might prove just how Kane Brown’s camp has been operating, past and present.
It’s worth stating that paying Red Music or using positions of power to leverage preferable placement on streaming playlists is currently not illegal, just underhanded. Unlike radio which is regulated by the FCC, it is the Wild West when it comes to how songs get selected for streaming services.
There is also a very good chance the Kane Brown lawsuit could be resolved well before any discovery phase or trial commences, or the findings of the court could be sealed from public view. Kane Brown may also have nothing to hide. But it’s often lawsuits, divorces, and other legal proceedings where matters that individuals and business want to keep private eventually go public. The lawyer for Polow da Don is also likely to continue to use the court of public opinion to put pressure on Kane Brown and his management to settle this matter in Polow da Don’s favor.
Polow da Don claims in the lawsuit that after the success of Kane Brown’s “Used To Love You Sober,” he began negotiations with Epic Records, which is a division of Sony, to be a distributor of Kane Brown’s music. But no deal was reached at that time. However Kane Brown’s management (Jay Frank and Martha Earls) started negotiating with Sony directly, cutting Polow da Don out of the deal, even though he had a signed exclusive personal services agreement with Kane Brown that included the singer’s first album, and an option for five more.
Polow da Don claims he “remained in the dark, almost totally excluded from all aspects of Defendant’s career and the benefits guaranteed under the Agreement.” He also claims that his requests for accounting information were met with a letter from Kane Brown’s management threatening criminal action for harassment. This is when he decided to pursue legal action.
The bombshell moment for the asterisk era in music streaming is likely to happen at some point. It may be wishful thinking to think this Kane Brown lawsuit will be it. But it could be, just like the Katie Arminger lawsuit exposed some of the alleged behavior at country radio and labels. And so this lawsuit is definitely worth watching.
February 14, 2019 @ 10:35 am
Pushing songs to playlists is the new payola for digital music platforms. It’s no different than the promotional strategies for radio. It’s just a different medium with different currencies. It’s all rigged and fleshed out with algorithms, so any attempt to change that zeitgeist is pointless. Id rather hear about good artists who need exposure. This is a waste of time.
February 14, 2019 @ 11:18 am
Saving Country Music has never, and will never present itself as an outlet whose sole purpose is to promote music. People who believe this is or should be the purpose of the site are basing this on assumptions as opposed to the long, 10+ year history of the site, and its founding mission to be a watchdog of the industry, and to advocate for artists however that may take shape, including calling into question or exposing how certain artists game the system to take advantage over artists who play fair. I am honored and happy that so many people use the site as a curation tool, and I try to cater to that by featuring as much music as possible to feed that desire. But ultimately, the mission of Saving Country Music is more broad-based.
February 14, 2019 @ 11:38 am
All big artists do it or have done it. And it’s not the artists. It’s the record companies and producers who are doing it. Kane Brown is just a douche who the girls like and can sing a little, so hes chosen for his marketability by the people who own the fix. It’s been like this since the 1950’s. Gaming the system by paying for playlist slots is just the latest iteration. You cant force unfair systems to play fairly. That’s why you’re wasting your time.
February 14, 2019 @ 12:51 pm
Well written and well thought out, Trigger. This is the quality information and journalism the majority of us want and expect from your outlet. Keep up the good work.
February 14, 2019 @ 1:47 pm
This is an article that must be written and the info and result shouted from the rooftops. It’s exactly what part of this site should be about and one of the reasons we come here. Pointing out the truth of what really happens in the music business in all genre’s should always be reported. Great job Trig, I’ve learned a lot about this whole new music/streaming biz being here.
February 15, 2019 @ 8:53 am
The beauty of a website like this with its “print” material is that you can choose which articles to read or not read. I avoid “news” sites that force a person to watch videos or packaged news since I like to have a choice of where to focus my attention. So, if you want to use SCM as a tool to find artists to whom you wish to be exposed, then read those and leave other articles alone. You get to choose where to spend your time. I chose not to waste my time on the article and comments about Lambert throwing food or whatever; I choose not to award her the attention. But the operator of this website is the one to decide what is relevant. If the internet traffic dries up, maybe he will take notice and adjust what he delivers.
That being said, I do think this article is relevant to the website, as it exposes how questionable music gets its exposure. Of course, any system based upon making money and products, which is the goal of music promotion, is going to tend toward corruption and questionable practices since it is powered by greed. Exposing something like this brings an understanding and makes me look deeper at who is not being promoted since it appears that is where the real quality is. Thus, fulfilling the SCM mission as I understand it (sort of).
February 14, 2019 @ 11:01 am
Wow! Bring on the popcorn….
February 14, 2019 @ 11:04 am
I try to like Kane Brown, I do.
He starts out singing classic Country covers, he and Randy Travis have this connection thing going on.
I’d like to like Kane Brown more than Sam Hunt.
But it’s hard because Kane Brown just doesn’t seem as nice as Sam Hunt, even though he seems to be at least MORE willing to make music I’d like
his singles have been another story but he’s demonstrated the ability to be a very different artist.
that said if he’s brought up before the judge he seems like the kind of person to get in hot water for contempt of court
eh, whatever
I guess that this will be interesting on down the road
February 14, 2019 @ 12:03 pm
What’s he going to court for?
February 18, 2019 @ 8:08 am
The aforementioned lawsuit. There’s a whole article on it at Saving Country Music.
February 14, 2019 @ 11:15 am
Kane is a huge asshole. This is the guy that said writers in Nashville are racist because a lot of them refused to work with him. No, it’s because hes an asshole, and is also very arrogant. Fuck this kid, I cant wait till his 15 minutes of fame are over. Nobody is gonna know who this clown is in 5 years, just like Brett Young and all the other generic bros with generic music. No one really likes his music either, the overwhelming majority of his fans are women that like him cuz they want to fuck his brains out.
February 14, 2019 @ 12:10 pm
I’d understand it more if those women just had bad taste in music. I can’t comprehend how women find him attractive, but I’m a hetero male so what do I know.
February 14, 2019 @ 1:28 pm
It’s less about sexual attraction and more about fitting the boyfriend fantasy.
Give us a dude that plays the ~good boyfriend role and sings about how much he loves his girlfriend and how special she is and we’ll fill in the rest.
February 14, 2019 @ 4:30 pm
Tell that to his sold out concerts. Lol. He will last for a long time to come.
February 14, 2019 @ 10:09 pm
I like his music, his voice. Has nothing to do with wanting to get busy with him. I actually heard a couple of his songs BEFORE I knew what he looked like. So PLEASE don’t put ALL women in that comment.
February 14, 2019 @ 10:32 pm
And you know him personally??? Jealous alittle?
February 15, 2019 @ 7:11 pm
You know I didn’t know he was bi-racial until this comment. I was prejudice and thought he was white because his skin color matches mine. And hell he thought he was white until he was 8 so I don’t think he was having a bi-racial or even “black” experience. And now he’s claiming racism. Sounds like a marketing strategy more than an authentic experience.
LOL! Though I sometimes claim to be bi-racial being half Irish/Italian just to stir the pot.
But what do I know. Other than his music is not very country at all and thus does not appeal to me and I find the fangirls VERY annoying they are as annoying as any other fanatic/extremiist really.
February 16, 2019 @ 11:30 am
My asshole has a darker complextion than his skin. I had no idea he was half black until I read about it. I think he looks like shrek. I could give 2 shits what he looked like or if he was purple IF his music was country AND he wasnt an asshole.
February 14, 2019 @ 11:16 am
I don’t care at all about Kanye Brown. I’ve never even heard one of his songs. I feel fortunate.
February 14, 2019 @ 11:31 am
If he got his start under the wing of some rapper, shouldn’t that confirm everything we already know. Kane Brown has no business in the country music realm. Screw the underhanded nature of how he hit it big. I want to know why a so called country artist is palling with an idiot named Polow Da Don ????♂️
February 14, 2019 @ 1:53 pm
Yes, that’s kind of a different discussion altogether, but the fact that Polow da Don is the guy that launched Kane Brown and he only has experience working with hip-hop artists is a perfect example of how the monogenre is becoming a reality. When you say Kane Brown’s music is not much different than R&B/hip-hop/pop, this is one of the reasons.
February 15, 2019 @ 6:18 am
Rick Rubin had mostly been known for producing rock/rap when he joined up with Johnny Cash to make the American Recordings.
Kane Brown still sucks though.
February 15, 2019 @ 8:29 am
Rubin clearly has an ear, and hand for, outstanding music. There’s a difference in Run DMC and the Beasties, and Chris Brown and Gucci Mane. And there’s a mountain high full of difference between Kane Brown and Cash.
But I get your point.
February 14, 2019 @ 11:57 am
Isn’t Kane Brown the muscle dude with the machinegun guitar who played guitar and wrote songs for Alice Cooper during his metal period?
February 14, 2019 @ 12:39 pm
I thought that was Kane Roberts, but you might be on to something here.
February 15, 2019 @ 1:09 pm
That’s right, thanks. I should have know it was a different guy because if Kane Roberts did a country album there’s at least a slight chance it might be tolerable.
February 14, 2019 @ 12:40 pm
Don’t hate the player!!
February 14, 2019 @ 12:46 pm
“The lawyer for Polow da Don is also likely to continue to use the court of public opinion to put pressure on Kane Brown and his management to settle this matter in Polow da Don’s favor.”
Just not understanding this. Can you elaborate? Does the public even care?
February 14, 2019 @ 12:54 pm
Judging by ticket sales, yes. They care very much. I’m sure Jason Aldean cares, too, considering KB is back on his tour again this year.
February 14, 2019 @ 1:55 pm
Polow da Don’s lawyer courting the press to hopefully put pressure to bring Kane Brown and his management to the negotiating table could be a big part of this story.
February 14, 2019 @ 2:14 pm
Publicity to bring attention to the industry people and those tie-ins I can see. I don’t think the general public gives a rat’s ass about it.
February 15, 2019 @ 7:13 pm
Well the fangirls will if it impacts Kane Brown’s career and if that happens you can bet Polow feel their internet wrath.
February 14, 2019 @ 12:55 pm
Ah,
The great record producers of country music history: Atkins, Billy Sherrill, Owen Bradley, Lloyd Maines, Paul Worley, Tony Brown and Palow DE ding dong who?
February 14, 2019 @ 1:41 pm
So exactly what is he being sued for?
February 14, 2019 @ 1:47 pm
Breach of contract.
February 14, 2019 @ 3:37 pm
I think he shouldn’t be sued this is crazy!
February 14, 2019 @ 7:43 pm
Case closed then.
February 14, 2019 @ 4:21 pm
I hope he loses everything!! He’s a uncaring, greedy somebody and wanted it all too fast, but did not want to give back to the fans the ppl who would make him or break him. His music does NOT get played in a 3 state area where I live!!!
February 14, 2019 @ 6:28 pm
I would also like to live in a 3 state area where Kane Brown’s music is never played.
February 14, 2019 @ 10:34 pm
And you know him personally??? Jealous alittle? Dont like him or his music? . . Dont listen to it ASSHOLE!!
February 15, 2019 @ 8:13 am
You seem nice.
February 15, 2019 @ 9:06 pm
I hate you, Tammy. And I hope a bird shits on your head.
February 14, 2019 @ 4:23 pm
I love Kane Brown’s music, most of his songs are real live life experiences. We can all relate to his music. The kid has a great heart. The kid is just keeping his guard up. Because he doesn’t want to be played as a fool. I would love to meet this kid.
February 15, 2019 @ 1:13 pm
If he has such a good heart why didn’t he give this Pepe le Pew guy what he had coming to him?
February 16, 2019 @ 12:57 am
I hit “like” on your comment for “Pepe le Pew.”
February 14, 2019 @ 6:14 pm
Soccer moms invading the comments to defend their late 2010’s romance novel fantasy boy shortly
February 14, 2019 @ 6:37 pm
Haters gonna hate! Kane Brown isn’t a douche or asshat or rude or mean or any of those things. I have met him and his family several times and they are all super nice and down to earth. Yes Kane is mixed and YES he is a country artist. He isn’t going away anytime soon I don’t think. To the people saying polow da don working with him says he isn’t country, did any of y’all ever stop to think that maybe he wanted to Branch out from hip hop and rap? Use to love you sober was released as a country song. The fact that polow and his lawyers are using the public to put pressure on Kane and his team speaks volumes to me. If they really thought they had a solid case they wouldn’t need the public pressure to win. Sounds like they want a settlement because maybe just maybe their case isn’t as strong as they are making it out to be.
February 15, 2019 @ 1:15 pm
And maybe Kane Brown just makes your lady parts so moist that you can’t think straight.
February 15, 2019 @ 7:22 pm
“The fact that polow and his lawyers are using the public to put pressure on Kane and his team speaks volumes to me. If they really thought they had a solid case they wouldn’t need the public pressure to win.”
I agree and that’s is why Taylor Swift didn’t bother to make her little trails public because she doesn’t need support or pressure from the public to come out looking like a hero sueing for $1… oh wait…
It is all publicity stunts now from mainstream acts because if they don’t stay in the public eye they will die off because the music can’t hold them up and sustain them when one song wounds like every other song.
February 14, 2019 @ 6:57 pm
I don’t listen to Hip-Hop.
February 14, 2019 @ 7:08 pm
Ya’ll need to quits hatin on ma boy KB. Ya’ll wouldnt know country if it jumped and bit ya in the face. Get his name out yo mouth.
February 14, 2019 @ 9:46 pm
‘Ya’ll wouldn’t know country if it jumped and bit ya in the face.’
Pretty ballsy to spew that on this site. Good one!
February 15, 2019 @ 6:19 am
Did you not see the screen name? Obvious parody
February 14, 2019 @ 8:50 pm
Who said investigative journalism is dead.
Well written. I hope it leads to sending someone away for at least 11 months and 29 days…with a cement floor for their bed.
Book ’em Dano!
February 14, 2019 @ 9:28 pm
Just curious what makes you say he is greedy I heard that he helps his friends and people with money including his mom
February 15, 2019 @ 12:14 am
And Kane Brown fans do not disappoint
February 15, 2019 @ 6:00 am
Get our names outchya mouf bruh…
February 15, 2019 @ 12:58 am
I’ll always listen to him I first seen him open for fgl in Evansville where his music hit home
February 15, 2019 @ 4:50 am
Evansville, IN is the meth capitol of the eastern US, so you’ll have these regular breakouts of FGL music.
February 17, 2019 @ 12:48 pm
As someone from this area, can confirm. Meth heads everywhere.
February 15, 2019 @ 1:12 am
I am sure whatever this Court battle is about it will end with agreed terms. As for the his music I like it and yes his voice is amazing..like so many male artists out there.. As far as wanting him.. not all women run after money or looks..
February 15, 2019 @ 3:10 am
It’s Kane brown not Kanye brown
February 15, 2019 @ 7:25 pm
Interesting now that you mention Kayne West and him do look similar and have some similar sounding songs… I wonder… nah… but maybe.
February 15, 2019 @ 6:59 am
I enjoy Kane Brown music and it seems this is a typical lawsuit of greed. Unfortuelty all too common in today’s society.
February 15, 2019 @ 8:27 am
Missing word here. Great article though, very interesting.
> and then uses it to craft strategies of how help launch artists and bands
February 15, 2019 @ 8:29 am
You know this is kane brown pop i usually dont read the trash on saving country music because that is just what it is tras. Im real country lets go back to porter Wagnor and lets fill the stadium. You know i believe this is a donald trump fan base group that just sets and call people. Kane works harder in six months then most of the stars do in 12 check how many concerts he did in 2018 if you donot like his music or how he looks that fine but are you so dumb that you think any person sits down one on one in contracts signing. By the way you know poli not sueing for proceeds use to love you sober kane has never recieved one red penny. A d you need to check in on the financial condition of polo
February 15, 2019 @ 3:52 pm
When you talk about the financial condition of polo, are you talking about the sport where you ride horses and hit a ball around or Ralph Lauren’s cologne?
February 15, 2019 @ 7:32 pm
Still not working as hard as somebody like Lindi Ortega. He got propped up and sold with inflated numbers and dubious streaming
1st because girls screamed about how cute he (ugly people don’t get major label deals) was
2nd because they found and new pop star that they knew could hang with the Hot 100 crowd so they sold him as country gave him a narrative and talking points to rile the fan base who chant, “country music must evolve (into pop)!”
I tired of these acting using country music as some kind of proving ground to see if the can make it in pop on the Hot 100.
February 16, 2019 @ 1:23 am
Steve Allan Brown you have me all figured out. I used to think that Cody Jinks and maybe the Turnpike Troubadours made good music. I have now seen the error of my ways. With Kane’s work ethic and my love for Trump I have been proven wrong. Thank you for helping me see the light.
I have pinned about 50 Walmarts across the Southeast that I will visit. I plan to buy every Kane Brown album I can find. I will then mail them out to everyone who has ever visited Saving Country Music so they can see the light. I do have to be honest though… it’s going to be very hard to love Kane Brown sober.
– A newly educated fan of country music and Kane’s Browns biggest new fan
February 16, 2019 @ 2:58 am
You’re kidding yourself if you don’t think virtually every artist on a popular playlist got there through label connections and backroom deals. They exist to promote industry-approved songs. Targeting Kane Brown means you’ve fallen for the short con.
That’s also why ‘authentic’ country has disappeared, by the way – institutional problems are seen as personal ones, and people can be replaced. Kane Brown’s career can flatline tomorrow; William Michael Morgan will still flop, and Florida Georgia Line will still be your king.
February 16, 2019 @ 9:39 am
No, Kane Brown is not the only one. He’s just been the one with the most suspicion and concern around him. A similar concern was also raised about “Meant To Be” by Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line, as well as Luke Combs.
February 16, 2019 @ 5:32 pm
Why in the F**k would anyone want to openly admit that they ” helped establish Kane Brown’s career”?
LMAO
In 5 years that’s going to be a major blemish on that cat’s resume.
February 17, 2019 @ 6:59 am
If Kane Brown’s music were good, authentic country music, would we be complaining that his promoters used shady means to tilt the pinball machine in his favor?
Oh wait a minute. If Kane Brown’s music were good, authentic country music, then he would attract listeners without using illicit means.
But what about Kane’s (or Bebe / FGL’s) devoted fans? Everybody’s entitled to their own taste, right?
Except that Kane / Bebe / FGL / Sam Hunt … artificially create their likability. And then the manipulators reinforce the deception with the illusion that these guys must be good because they’re so popular.
Not only does manipulation destroy the taste of many fans, it keeps authentic music from being aired. When there are more top 25 country hits by people named Luke than by women, something is wrong.
Level the playing field. Ideally, this kind of fraud should be illegal, but at the very least, manipulators should be required to divulge the nature of their scams. Maybe a few people will wake up and smell the coffee, instead of the mug of tepid sheep pee served up by the fakers.
August 3, 2019 @ 9:40 am
Maybe you who are hating on anyone, should be worrying about the HIDDEN TRUTHS OF THIS WORLD!!! Like the MORE YOU COMPLAIN NEGATIVELY OF OTHERS you are Causing Yourself MORE PROBLEMS in your own LIFE!!! Leave famous ones ALONE they are HUMAN BEINGS LIKE THE REST OF HUMANITY!!! PLEASE TALK YOUR SHIT TO ME. Give me a reason to MAKE your HEAD AKA BRAIN CELLS YOU FRY ON THINGS THAT ARE MEANINGLESS. DO YOU THINK YOU ARE AFFECTING KANE OR ANYONE FOR THAT MATTER? All you are Doing is EFFECTING yourself AS NO ONE WILL EVER BE ABLE TO MAKE ANOTHER HUMAN BEING DO ANYTHING! Unless you are part of the Darkness taking humanity’s free will away through DECEPTION AND BULLFACED LIES. Then you have Myself and tons more Lightworkers, indigo, rainbows, Empaths and so many more that you would most likely possible yourself as you pick on Famous people only because you are Jealous of them!!! Do yourself a favor and apologize for talking shot out your pie hole mouth and promise to not do it again. Then maybe us Lightworkers will give you a chance to change for the greater good as we have been teaching others for FREE how to be full filled within their own self while feeling whole joy and happiness daily. And if not you have a wonderful time in the darkness as you have already been doing by being mean to make yourself feel better…I have been broken that nothing effectshort me. Not even the illuminai who wish me to join them. I have been cutting cords and generational family ancestors ties that were part of them… I will die with Pure love and light before I join them soulless greedy power hungry selfish mind controlling frequencies using bloodsucking satanic bonesmens????????Nottys ????. They can’t hurt anyone people who have FEAR GIVE IN TO THEMr. I say bring it I not scared….